FIJISHI EPL

Lloyd's syndicates began underwriting Armilla Insurance standalone AI liability coverage May 2025 with coverage limits expanding to $25 million by January 2026. Vanguard AI coordinated structure launched February 2026. Verisk introduced AI exclusion endorsements covering 82 percent of US commercial liability policies January 2026. Testudo data shows generative AI litigation increased 137 percent year over year. LMA April 2025 survey found only 14 percent of Lloyd's firms deployed agentic AI in underwriting. Global supply of dedicated AI liability products is fewer than five worldwide. Armilla coverage triggers when AI performance degrades below initial benchmarks. Constitutional command compliance - cryptographic proof that a specific autonomous decision was made by an authorised system under known constitutional parameters - is not a current AI liability coverage category or underwriting variable in any Lloyd's product.

Read paper: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21123239
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