India's JAM trinity - Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, Mobile - has delivered Rs 43 lakh crore in Direct Benefit Transfers to 176 crore beneficiaries through algorithmically governed systems. On June 3, 2026 the Supreme Court of India issued Draft Regulations for Use of Artificial Intelligence in Courts 2026 establishing binding standards for AI traceability, non-opacity, and verifiable accountability across all Indian courts and tribunals. India's DPDP Rules require audit logs and human override mechanisms for adverse AI decisions affecting individuals. India's public sector welfare AI systems produce no cryptographic audit trail proving decisions were made by authorised systems under known constitutional parameters - making them non-compliant with the Supreme Court standard and DPDP Rules simultaneously. This paper documents the constitutional enforcement gap between India's welfare AI deployment and the legal standards that now govern it.
Read paper: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20673923
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