108 jurisdictions are researching piloting or launching Central Bank Digital Currencies as of July 2025. China's digital yuan has processed approximately $2.3 trillion in transactions governed by algorithmic logic. The European Central Bank is advancing the digital euro regulation. Project Agorá - the BIS wholesale CBDC initiative - includes the Federal Reserve as participating institution. Gartner predicts 22 percent of monetary transactions will give AI agents economic agency by 2030. Central Banking Governance Benchmarks 2026 documents incomplete legal protection for central bank governors from criminal and civil liability. CBDC systems making autonomous monetary decisions - freezing funds restricting spending executing cross-border settlements - create personal constitutional liability for the issuing governor when those decisions violate citizens' rights. No CBDC regulation currently specifies the cryptographic audit trail required to demonstrate the system operated within constitutional parameters at the moment of a specific autonomous monetary decision. This paper documents the structural gap between central bank CBDC deployment scale and the constitutional command architecture required to make autonomous monetary AI decisions legally defensible in constitutional proceedings.
Read paper: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20745893
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