By Akhil Sharma and Preethi Sharma, Fijishi.
What the Index is
The Fijishi Jurisdiction Index: AI in Insurance Decisions is an annual, independent review of how jurisdictions govern AI used in insurance decisions.
It has 38 entries across 34 jurisdictions; the United States counts as one jurisdiction with five entries.
Each entry sets a jurisdiction's own published rules against the published record of AI use in its insurance market, and ends in one sourced question that the public record does not yet answer.
It is free to read, and no one pays to appear.
Who it is for
It is for insurers, reinsurers and intermediaries operating in a covered jurisdiction who want to see how its rules meet the AI in their decisions, and for anyone who studies or reports on how AI in insurance is governed.
Why we built it
We explain why in Who we are, independence and right of reply.
Why companies are named
Where an entry names a company, it is because the company's use of AI is on the public record.
That account shows the entry's question is live in its jurisdiction.
The company is the case examined, not the boundary of who the rules reach, and the band applies to that case alone.
How to read an entry
The tier describes the jurisdiction, and applies to every firm there. The band applies only to the case examined. Named companies are examples chosen because their AI use is on the public record - in all but one case, in their own publications; they are not the only firms the rules reach.
At a glance (entries, not jurisdictions; the five United States entries sit in two tiers)
| Tier | Exposed | Elevated | Watching | Contained | Entries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A - Specified and enforced | 2 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 12 |
| B - Enforcement stated, not yet live | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 7 |
| C - Specified, not yet enforced | 0 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 7 |
| D - Not yet specified | 0 | 3 | 0 | 9 | 12 |
| All | 3 | 17 | 3 | 15 | 38 |
- Tier A (12 entries): China, Germany, Malaysia, Malta, Peru, Qatar, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates (DIFC), United States (California), United States (Colorado), United States (New York), United States (Texas).
- Tier B (7 entries): Australia, Canada, European Union (EU-wide), Ireland, Luxembourg, South Korea, Taiwan.
- Tier C (7 entries): Bermuda, Japan, Mauritius, Singapore, Thailand, United Arab Emirates (mainland), United Kingdom.
- Tier D (12 entries): Bahrain, Cameroon, Cayman Islands, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Israel, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, United States (Federal).
- All 7 company cases in Tier C or D jurisdictions are Elevated: Hong Kong, India, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, the United Arab Emirates (mainland) and the United Kingdom.
- Of the 23 company cases, 11 concern AI in underwriting or pricing, 8 concern AI in claims or claim authorisation, 1 concerns both, 2 concern AI agents that deal with customers, and 1 concerns AI systems in general.
- In 6 of the 23 company cases, the company's own account, as quoted in the question, says that a person keeps the final decision or oversight: Aviva, Evolent Health, ICICI Lombard, Pacífico Seguros, Prudential Hong Kong and QBE.
- In 5 entries, the rule the question turns on is a data-protection rule on automated processing or autonomous systems rather than an insurance rule: Cameroon, Canada (Quebec), Mauritius, South Africa and the United Arab Emirates (DIFC).
- In 5 entries, the open question is which of two named authorities, or sets of authorities, acts: Cameroon, Mauritius, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and South Africa.
- Of the three EU member states in the Index whose entries turn on the EU AI Act's transparency duty, one (Germany) has a national authority designated for insurers' AI systems, and in two (Ireland and Luxembourg) the entry asks whether any authority can act on that duty yet.
- In 14 entries, each in a different jurisdiction, the binding rule shown in the entry's Reach block reaches reinsurers directly. In 6 it names them, or an insurance class that includes them: Bermuda, Cameroon, Germany, Indonesia, Malaysia and Nigeria. In 8 it reaches any firm, reinsurers included, by what the firm does or by a wider group the firm belongs to: Canada (Quebec), Cayman Islands, Ireland, Japan, Luxembourg, Peru, South Africa and the United Arab Emirates (DIFC).
| Code | Jurisdiction | Tier | Band | Case examined / question to | Last verified | Entry |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU | Australia | B | Watching | QBE Insurance Group | [date checked] | AU |
| BH | Bahrain | D | Contained | Question: the Central Bank of Bahrain | [date checked] | BH |
| BM | Bermuda | C | Contained | Question: the Bermuda Monetary Authority | [date checked] | BM |
| CM | Cameroon | D | Contained | Question: the regional insurance supervisor and the data protection authority | [date checked] | CM |
| CA | Canada | B | Exposed | Intact Insurance Company | [date checked] | CA |
| KY | Cayman Islands | D | Contained | Question: the Cayman Islands Monetary Authority | [date checked] | KY |
| CN | China | A | Elevated | ZhongAn Online | [date checked] | CN |
| EU | European Union (EU-wide) | B | Contained | Question: EIOPA | [date checked] | EU |
| DE | Germany | A | Exposed | ERGO Group | [date checked] | DE |
| HK | Hong Kong | D | Elevated | Prudential Hong Kong Limited | [date checked] | HK |
| IN | India | D | Elevated | ICICI Lombard | [date checked] | IN |
| ID | Indonesia | D | Contained | Question: OJK | [date checked] | ID |
| IE | Ireland | B | Contained | Question: the Central Bank of Ireland | [date checked] | IE |
| IL | Israel | D | Contained | Question: the Capital Market, Insurance and Savings Authority | [date checked] | IL |
| JP | Japan | C | Elevated | Meiji Yasuda Life | [date checked] | JP |
| LU | Luxembourg | B | Contained | Question: the Commissariat aux Assurances | [date checked] | LU |
| MY | Malaysia | A | Watching | Allianz Malaysia | [date checked] | MY |
| MT | Malta | A | Exposed | MAPFRE Malta | [date checked] | MT |
| MU | Mauritius | C | Contained | Question: the Financial Services Commission and the data protection authority | [date checked] | MU |
| NG | Nigeria | D | Contained | Question: NAICOM | [date checked] | NG |
| PK | Pakistan | D | Contained | Question: SECP and the Government of Pakistan | [date checked] | PK |
| PE | Peru | A | Elevated | Pacífico Seguros | [date checked] | PE |
| QA | Qatar | A | Elevated | QIC Group | [date checked] | QA |
| SA | Saudi Arabia | D | Elevated | Tawuniya | [date checked] | SA |
| SG | Singapore | C | Elevated | MSIG Insurance (Singapore) | [date checked] | SG |
| ZA | South Africa | D | Contained | Question: the Information Regulator and the FSCA | [date checked] | ZA |
| KR | South Korea | B | Elevated | Samsung Fire & Marine (press-reported account) | [date checked] | KR |
| CH | Switzerland | A | Elevated | Swiss Re | [date checked] | CH |
| TW | Taiwan | B | Elevated | Cathay Century Insurance | [date checked] | TW |
| TH | Thailand | C | Contained | Question: the Office of Insurance Commission | [date checked] | TH |
| AE-DIFC | United Arab Emirates (DIFC) | A | Watching | Atradius (DIFC) | [date checked] | AE-DIFC |
| AE | United Arab Emirates (mainland) | C | Elevated | Sukoon Insurance | [date checked] | AE |
| UK | United Kingdom | C | Elevated | Aviva | [date checked] | UK |
| US-CA | United States - California | A | Elevated | Roadzen | [date checked] | US-CA |
| US-CO | United States - Colorado | A | Elevated | Ethos Technologies | [date checked] | US-CO |
| US-FED | United States - Federal | D | Contained | Question: federal reach over state insurance AI rules | [date checked] | US-FED |
| US-NY | United States - New York | A | Elevated | Lemonade Insurance Co. | [date checked] | US-NY |
| US-TX | United States - Texas | A | Elevated | Evolent Health | [date checked] | US-TX |
See the Regulatory Deadline Calendar: fijishi.com/viewforum.php?f=9.
PDF and citation
PDF edition: [Zenodo link, added on launch day].
Cite as: Sharma, A. and Sharma, P. (2026). Fijishi Jurisdiction Index 2026: AI in Insurance Decisions. Fijishi, Pune. 12 October 2026. DOI: [added on launch day].
Contact and right of reply
Write to indexreport.protocol@fijishi.com.
Any named party may reply, and with its agreement the reply is published in full below its entry, dated.
Corrections are logged in Corrections and new evidence.